structure-dependency: Structure-dependency is a restriction on movement in human languages that makes it depend on the structure of the sentence, rather than on its linear order. A principle of Universal Grammar

   Vivian Cook

The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.
The boy who can sleep will dream.

if I want to make a question out of the first sentence then I should move the auxiliary of the top most sentence ( The boy was dreaming) to the beginning
(Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?).
Now, is the following (who is sleeping) an embedded sentence?
And if it is, is who considered a complement?
Is the tree diagram of the sentence correct?

S = The boy who is sleeping was dreaming

NP = det.(The) + n. (boy) + CP (who is sleeping)

CP = c. (who) + embedded sentence ( NP + VP)

NP of embedded sentence = NONE

VP of embedded sentence = aux. (is) + v. (sleeping)

VP = was dreaming

How do we represent (sleeping) and (dreaming) in the tree diagram, as adverbs or as verbs

let's see other definitions about linguistics by vivan cook

It is very difficult to see ones own faults;

only a man who loves himself can see them.

 Don’t listen to the others, what they say about you.

See yourself. who you are, where you are what your faults are.

And the miracle is that seeing a fault, through your own awareness, dissolves it.

مشکل بتوانی لغزش های خود را ببینی،

تنها کسی که خود را دوست میدارد میتواند این لغزشها را ببیند.

به حرف های سایرین درباره ی خودت بها مده.

خودت ببین که هستی ، کجا هستی ، لغزش هایت کجایند.

و معجزه آن است که خطایی را ببینی با تکیه بر آگاهی خودت

و سپس بتوانی این خطا را از میان برداری

Introduction

There are several people involved in the whole process of education, namely, administrators, policy makers, curriculum planners, teacher educators, textbook writers, and teachers (Kumaravadivelu, 2003). However, the most important one who shapes and reshapes the learning outcome is the teacher. Thus, teachers should know their noteworthy and supreme roles in education and try to improve in their profession (Richards and Renandya, 2002; Kumaravadivelu, 2003). l 

As Prabhu (1990) and Richards and Rodgers (2001) argue, in post-method era teachers are encouraged to formulate their own methods of teaching based on their classroom situations. Although they may be based on other approaches or methods, these new ones reflect the teachers’ beliefs, values, and experiences. In fact the teacher adds, revises or adjusts the methods and approaches based on his own real classroom, students and the situations. In this article, the writer is going to elaborate on reflective teacher.

http://teachenglish.persianblog.ir 

جای مردان سیاست بنشانید درخت تا هوا تازه شود

سهراب

در تشبیهی بعید اگر حجم سبز را به قران یا کتابی آسمانی تشبیه کنیم

سوره تماشا زیباترین سوره این کتاب خواهد بود.این سوره قلب قرانی به نام هشت کتاب است که بر محمد دین نیما نازل شده است.

در جلالت و فضیلت این سوره همین بس که با قسمی شروع  می شود که یادآور قسم های فخیم قرآنی و وحیانی است

به تماشا سوگند

 و به اغاز کلام

و به پرواز کبوتر از ذهن

واژه ای در قفس است

حرفهایی که در سوره تماشا مطرح شده اند روشن است و شاعر با کسانی صحبت می کند که غایب اند ولی واگویه کردن

آنها برای حاضران و مخاطبان نیز جالب است

حرفهایم مثل یک تکه چمن روشن بود

من به انان گفتم :

افتابی لب درگاه شماست

To:  those whom I love  ”my students”

Within you is a spirit

Capable of teaching the stars

Within you is the ability to achieve your goals

And make your dreams come true

Don’t listen to others

Or fear competition

Or worry about wrong choices

In every experience

There is wisdom

To be gained

Have faith in yourself

And move ahead with confidence

Believing that you will fulfill

Your potential

As the unique person

Some M.A sample tests about culture. You can read the below article and easily answer these tests

Please note down your answers in comment part and also present your reasons,thank you

.............-the term biculturalism is incorrect because

a-each person is only capable of adopting one culture.

b- people are multicultural even in their own environment

c-the native culture is always dominant.

d-most people are usually not willing to accept any other culture.

the process of learning one’s own culture is called .-

1-assimilation      2-enculturation            30acculturation           d- self-actualization

culture in anthropological term is defined as the way people

1-think             2-communicate with each other          3-live             4-perform  different tasks

Teaching culture

What is culture?  

(the way people live. (Small c culture

Experts feel that the term biculturalism is inaccurate because most people are multicultural even in their own culture and many now have some cross-cultural experiences.

2-Another definition of culture focuses on the major products and contributions of )the society.(large C culture

Small c culture is taught in the beginning language classes and large C culture in advanced classes.

As students begin the course, they expect to gain some functional ability the culture as well as in the language

Language                   AND                      culture

language and culture are inseparably bound. Language is used to convey meaning and maening is determined by culture.

So language must be culture-bound and culture specific, because the particular patterns of social interactions are specific to each culture.

Enculturation & acculturation

Enculturation:the process of one’s native culture is called enculturation which usually gets complete,

whereas acculturation is the process of learning the second culture which is never complete.

Acculturation ranges from:                  

-information to insight,

         -perception to identification,

        - and awareness to interaction.

Note: Immigrants desire acculturation and assimilation.

Some Factors influencing students’ attitudes toward culture

-society or the environment

2-the attitude of the teacher: if he attempts to indoctorine students with attitudes toward the second culture,he will most likely be rejected , or vice versa. So,the teacher’s task is to make students  aware of cultural differences,not to pass value jugements on these differences;he is to acquaint, not to indoctorine

لطفا به سوالات چهارگزینه ای پاسخ دهید.

And under the shade of that great  green Banyan

I well recall the phrase which entered the country of mind:

Be vast , solitary ,meek ,and firm

سفر مرا به زمین های استوایی برد.

و زیر سایه آن بانیان سبز تنومند

چه خوب یادم هست

عبارتی که به ییلاق ذهن وارد شد:

وسیع باش                                         

و تنها                          

و سر به زیر        

و سخت

اینجا گوشه ای از ایران است

Once you have become a grown-up, mature, alert ,aware then you can serve people

And only then-because then you will have something to share: love, compassion.

Then you will have something to really help them: understanding, wisdom.

تنها آنگاه که انسانی رشد یافته ،پخته هوشیار و آگاه شوی خواهی توانست به مردم خدمت کنی

بلی فقط در چنین حالتی می توانی خدمت کنی

چون اکنون چیزی داری که می توانی تقسیم کنی:

مهربانی ، عشق

اکنون چیزی داری که یاری رسان است:

 درک  ، خرد

Life is a very mysterious phenomenon where laughter is a part and where tears also are a part. once in awhile to be sad, really sad, is not bad. Sadness had its own beauty

You have just to learn to enjoy the beauty of sadness , its silence , its depth

زندگی پدیده ای اسرار آمیز است

و آری خنده جزئی از آن وگریه نیز جزئی از آن است .

واقعا غمگین بد نیست،بد نیست گهگاه غمگین باشی

غمین بودن زیبایی خود را داراست

فقط باید بیاموزی که از زیبایی غمین بودن لذت ببری

با سلام!

در این پست میخواهیم نگاهی کوتاه به تئوری های یادگیری بیندازیم که دیدگاه چهارروانشناس با نظرات و تئوریهای متفاوت و گاها متضاد را با هم مقایسه میکند

 در جدول زیر بطور کاملا خلاصه شده این تئوری ها  مورد مقایسه قرار گرفته اند.

حال به مفهوم برخی از این عبارات توجه کنید:

Subsumption: the learning process in which new knowledge is attached to the learner's preexisting cognitive structure is referred to as subsumption

Obliterative forgetting: In the process of subsumption the brain retains the incoming information, but discards the form of the massage is often referred to as obliterative forgetting (cognitive pruning)

(امیدوارم مفهوم subsumption   و   Obliterative forgettingرا به روشنی رسانده باشم . اگر اینطور نیست کافی است در نظرات خود اعلام کنید تا بیشتر در مورد آنها بحث کنیم و بنویسیم.)

احتمالا شما در مورد رفتارگرایان و نظریات آنها اطلاعات جامعی داشته باشید بنا براین زیاد روی نظریات

آنها تمرکز نمی کنیم و درمورد cognitivism  و  constructivism  بحث بیشتری خواهیم نمود.

در تئوری آزوبل(meaningful learning) وی مابین یادگیری طوطی وار (rote learning) و یادگیری معنایی(  learning  Meaningful  ) تفاوت قائل شده است:

Rote learning:the process of acquiring materials as " descrete and relatively isolated entities that involves the mental storage of items having little or no association with existing cognitive knowledge."

meaningful learning :as new material enters the cognitive field ,it interacts with and is appropriately subsumed under a more inclusive conceptual system.

It is clear that a meaningfully learned , subsumed item has far greater potential for retention.